TALLER III

TALLER III
FILTRADO DE REFERENCIAS
BÚSQUEDAS ESTRUCTURADAS DE INFORMACIÓN.
Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Industrial
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá

Profesor Víctor Andrés Bucheli;vbucheli@ocyt.org.co;vbucheli@gmail.com

SUSANA ASTRID MONTAÑA LUNA CODIGO: 257418

Recolección inicial de referencias.

1. Recopilación de referencias de autores encontrados en el taller I

En este item lo que se hizo fue recolectar los artículos más relevantes en el tema, es decir, que estuvieran más relacionados con el tema, ya que de estos autores existen muchos artículos, pero la mayoría no estan relacionados:

1. @article{1046364, author = {Elena Alessandri and Alessandro Gasparetto and Rafael Valencia Garcia and Rodrigo Martinez B\&\#237;jar}, title = {An application of artificial intelligence to medical robotics}, journal = {J. Intell. Robotics Syst.}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, issn = {0921-0296}, pages = {225--243}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-005-3509-x}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
In this paper an application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Medical Robotics is described. Namely, a specific AI technique is employed to generate a sequence of operations understandable by the control system of a robot which is to perform a semi-automatic surgical task. According to this technique, a planner is implemented to translate the "natural" language of the surgeon into the robotic sequence that should be executed by the robot. A robotic simulator has been implemented in order to test the planned sequence in a virtual environment. The planned sequence is then to be input to the medical robotic system, which will execute the surgical operation. The work described in this paper features a high level of originality, since no similar applications of AI to medical robotics could be found in the scientific literature.2. @article{595627, author = {Paolo Gallina and Alessandro Gasparetto}, title = {A Technique to Analytically Formulate and to Solve the 2-Dimensional Constrained Trajectory Planning Problem for a Mobile Robot}, journal = {J. Intell. Robotics Syst.}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, issn = {0921-0296}, pages = {237--262}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008168615430}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
A new technique for trajectory planning of a mobile robot in a two-dimensional space is presented in this paper. The main concept is to use a special representation of the robot trajectory, namely a parametric curve consisting in a sum of harmonics (sine and cosine functions), and to apply an optimization method to solve the trajectory planning problem for the parameters (i.e., the coefficients) appearing in the sum of harmonics. This type of curve has very nice features with respect to smoothness and continuity of derivatives, of whatever order. Moreover, its analytical expression is available in closed form and is very suitable for both symbolic and numerical computation. This enables one to easily take into account kinematic and dynamic constraints set on the robot motion. Namely, non-holonomic constraints on the robot kinematics as well as requirements on the trajectory curvature can be expressed in closed form, and act as input data for the trajectory planning algorithm. Moreover, obstacle avoidance can be performed by expressing the obstacle boundaries by means of parametric curves as well. Once the expressions of the trajectory and of the constraints have been set, the trajectory planning problem can be formulated as a standard mathematical problem of constrained optimization, which can be solved by any adequate numerical method. The results of several simulations are also reported in the paper to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique to generate trajectories which meet all requirements relative to kinematic and dynamic constraints, as well as to obstacle avoidance.3. @article{1149592, author = {Alberto Trevisani and Paolo Gallina and Robert L. Williams, II}, title = {Cable-Direct-Driven Robot (CDDR) with Passive SCARA Support: Theory and Simulation}, journal = {J. Intell. Robotics Syst.}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, issn = {0921-0296}, pages = {73--94}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-006-9043-7}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
This article presents a new planar translational cable-direct-driven robot (CDDR) with actuation redundancy and supported against loading normal to the motion plane with a passive planar two-degree-of-freedom SCARA-type (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) serial manipulator. This allows the robot to resist cable sag without being supported on the motion plane. The proposed robot architecture may assure high payload-to-weight ratio, resistance to forces normal to the plane of motion, and a potentially large workspace. Another benefit is that the passive SCARA has structure to provide end-effector moment resistance, which is not possible with many proposed translational CDDRs. Moreover, the passive robot can also serve as an independent Cartesian metrology system. This article derives the kinematics and dynamics models for the proposed hybrid serial/parallel architecture. Additionally it proposes a dynamic Cartesian controller always ensuring positive cable tensions while minimizing the sum of all the torques exerted by the actuators. Simulation examples are also presented to demonstrate the novel CDDR concept, dynamics, and controller.4. @article{777930, author = {Robert L. Williams, II and Paolo Gallina}, title = {Translational Planar Cable-Direct-Driven Robots}, journal = {J. Intell. Robotics Syst.}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, issn = {0921-0296}, pages = {69--96}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023975507009}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
A planar cable-direct-driven robot (CDDR) architecture is introduced with only translational freedoms. The motivation behind this work is to improve the serious cable interference problem with existing CDDRs and to avoid configurations where negative cable tensions are required to exert general forces on the environment and during dynamic motions. These problems generally arise for rotational CDDR motions. Thus, we propose a class of purely translational CDDRs; of course, these are not general but may only perform tasks where no rotational motion or resistance of moments is required at the end-effector. This article includes kinematics and statics modeling, determination of the statics workspace (the space wherein all possible Cartesian forces may be exerted with only positive cable tensions), plus a dynamics model and simulated control for planar translational CDDRs. Examples are presented to demonstrate simulated control including feedback linearization of the 4-cable CDDR (with two degrees of actuation redundancy) performing a Cartesian task. We introduce an on-line dynamic minimum torque estimation algorithm to ensure all cable tensions remain positive for all motion; otherwise slack cables result from the CDDR dynamics and control is lost.5. @article{595745, author = {Paolo Gallina and Giulio Rosati and Aldo Rossi}, title = {3-d.o.f. Wire Driven Planar Haptic Interface}, journal = {J. Intell. Robotics Syst.}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, issn = {0921-0296}, pages = {23--36}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012095609866}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
A 4-wire driven 3-d.o.f. planar haptic device, called the Feriba-3, is described. The particular geometric configuration of the end-effector ensures a closed form kinematic pose solution and good manipulability. Moreover, the structural arrangement adopted makes the Feriba-3 a well-performing haptic device, whose major features are low inertia, low friction, and full dexterity in a large workspace. The manipulability analysis has been performed by introducing a complete set of manipulability indices.6. @article{380652, author = {Mauro Bisiacco and Paolo Gallina and Giulio Rosati and Aldo Rossi}, title = {Development of a state-space water-level control for an array of cells to be employed as compensator in radiotherapy}, journal = {Dyn. Control}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, issn = {0925-4668}, pages = {399--417}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011277718247}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }7. @article{1041316, author = {Zhenbo Li and Jiapin Chen and Jianzhi Feng}, title = {Design of an omni-directional mobile microrobot (OMMR-I) for a micro-factory with 2 mm electromagnetic micromotors}, journal = {Robotica}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, issn = {0263-5747}, pages = {45--49}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0263574704000499}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the design and control of an omni-directional mobile microrobot are described for micro-assembling in a micro-factory. A unique locomotion mechanism composed of three special castors units is proposed. The castor consists of two coaxial conventional wheels, connected to the chassis and connected with each other by a set micro-gears. The microrobot is approximately 8 mm in length, 6 mm in width and 6 mm in height. Its kinematics and characteristics are analyzed. Experimental results from a prototype of a microrobot are presented, which demonstrates the feasibility of building an omni-directional microrobot with micromotor and special castors. 8. @article{1152568, author = {B. Daachi and A. Benallegue}, title = {A Neural Network Adaptive Controller for End-effector Tracking of Redundant Robot Manipulators}, journal = {J. Intell. Robotics Syst.}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, issn = {0921-0296}, pages = {245--262}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-006-9060-6}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
In this paper we propose a neural network adaptive controller to achieve end-effector tracking of redundant robot manipulators. The controller is designed in Cartesian space to overcome the problem of motion planning which is closely related to the inverse kinematics problem. The unknown model of the system is approximated by a decomposed structure neural network. Each neural network approximates a separate element of the dynamical model. These approximations are used to derive an adaptive stable control law. The parameter adaptation algorithm is derived from the stability study of the closed loop system using Lyapunov approach with intrinsic properties of robot manipulators. Two control strategies are considered. First, the aim of the controller is to achieve good tracking of the end-effector regardless the robot configurations. Second, the controller is improved using augmented space strategy to ensure minimum displacements of the joint positions of the robot. Simulation examples are also presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.9. @article{1149551, author = {Pawel Pyk and Sergi Berm\&\#250;dez I Badia and Ulysses Bernardet and Philipp Kn\&\#252;sel and Mikael Carlsson and Jing Gu and Eric Chanie and Bill S. Hansson and Tim C. Pearce and Paul F. J. Verschure}, title = {An artificial moth: Chemical source localization using a robot based neuronal model of moth optomotor anemotactic search}, journal = {Auton. Robots}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, issn = {0929-5593}, pages = {197--213}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-006-7101-4}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
Robots have been used to model nature, while nature in turn can contribute to the real-world artifacts we construct. One particular domain of interest is chemical search where a number of efforts are underway to construct mobile chemical search and localization systems. We report on a project that aims at constructing such a system based on our understanding of the pheromone communication system of the moth. Based on an overview of the peripheral processing of chemical cues by the moth and its role in the organization of behavior we emphasize the multimodal aspects of chemical search, i.e. optomotor anemotactic chemical search. We present a model of this behavior that we test in combination with a novel thin metal oxide sensor and custom build mobile robots. We show that the sensor is able to detect the odor cue, ethanol, under varying flow conditions. Subsequently we show that the standard model of insect chemical search, consisting of a surge and cast phases, provides for robust search and localization performance. The same holds when it is augmented with an optomotor collision avoidance model based on the Lobula Giant Movement Detector (LGMD) neuron of the locust. We compare our results to others who have used the moth as inspiration for the construction of odor robots.10. @article{595422, author = {D. Y. Meddah and A. Benallegue}, title = {A Stable Neuro-Adaptive Controller for Rigid Robot Manipulators}, journal = {J. Intell. Robotics Syst.}, volume = {20}, number = {2-4}, year = {1997}, issn = {0921-0296}, pages = {181--193}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
In this paper a controller based on neural networks is proposed to achieve output trajectory tracking of rigid robot manipulators. Neural networks used here are one hidden layer ones so that their outputs depend linearly on the parameters. Our method uses a decomposed connectionist structure. Each neural network approximate a separate element of the dynamical model. These approximations are used to perform an adaptive stable control law. The controller is based on direct adaptive techniques and the Lyapunov approach is used to derive the adaptation laws of the nets’ parameters. By using an intrinsic physical property of the manipulator, the system is proved to be stable. The performance of the controller depends on the quality of the approximation, i.e. on the inherent reconstruction errors of the exact functions.11. @inproceedings{1127770, author = {Jayanta K. Ghosh and Marco Valtorta}, title = {Building a Bayesian network model of heart disease}, booktitle = {ACM-SE 38: Proceedings of the 38th annual on Southeast regional conference}, year = {2000}, isbn = {1-58113-250-6}, pages = {239--240}, location = {Clemson, South Carolina}, doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1127716.1127770}, publisher = {ACM Press}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
Bayesian networks [2] represent a promising technique for clinical decision support and provide powerful capabilities for representing uncertain knowledge, including a flexible representation of probability distributions that allows one to specify dependence and independence of variables in a natural way through the network topology. Because dependencies are expressed qualitatively as links between nodes, one can structure the domain knowledge qualitatively before any numeric probabilities need to be assigned. 12. @article{634958, author = {Xudong Luo and Chengqi Zhang and Nicholas R. Jennings}, title = {A hybrid model for sharing information between fuzzy, uncertain and default reasoning models in multi-agent systems}, journal = {Int. J. Uncertain. Fuzziness Knowl.-Based Syst.}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, issn = {0218-4885}, pages = {401--450}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0218488502001557}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc.}, address = {River Edge, NJ, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
This paper develops a hybrid model which provides a unified framework for the following four kinds of reasoning: 1) Zadeh's fuzzy approximate reasoning; 2) truth-qualification uncertain reasoning with respect to fuzzy propositions; 3) fuzzy default reasoning (proposed, in this paper, as an extension of Reiter's default reasoning); and 4) truth-qualification uncertain default reasoning associated with fuzzy statements (developed in this paper to enrich fuzzy default reasoning with uncertain information). Our hybrid model has the following characteristics: 1) basic uncertainty is estimated in terms of words or phrases in natural language and basic propositions are fuzzy; 2) uncertainty, linguistically expressed, can be handled in default reasoning; and 3) the four kinds of reasoning models mentioned above and their combination models will be the special cases of our hybrid model. Moreover, our model allows the reasoning to be performed in the case in which the information is fuzzy, uncertain and partial. More importantly, the problems of sharing the information among heterogeneous fuzzy, uncertain and default reasoning models can be solved efficiently by using our model. Given this, our framework can be used as a basis for information sharing and exchange in knowledge-based multi-agent systems for practical applications such as automated group negotiations. Actually, to build such a foundation is the motivation of this paper. 13. @inproceedings{1166971, author = {Julie Behan and Derek T. O'Keeffe}, title = {The development of an intelligent library assistant robot}, booktitle = {AIA'06: Proceedings of the 24th IASTED international conference on Artificial intelligence and applications}, year = {2006}, isbn = {0-88986-556-6}, pages = {474--479}, location = {Innsbruck, Austria}, publisher = {ACTA Press}, address = {Anaheim, CA, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
In modern society, robots are been designed to play an increasing role in the lives of ordinary people. Among the emerging areas in robotics is the field of service robots. This paper describes a mobile robotic assistant, named 'LUCAS', Limerick University Computerised Assistive System that is currently been developed to assist individuals within a library environment while also socially interacting with them. Human-Robot interaction is initiated through a 3-D animated character displayed on the robots onboard p.c. A continuous localisation process is described which relies on monocular vision and ultrasonic range readings. The process involves dividing the navigable space into localisation variant regions, and employ's methods of landmark feature extraction, vanishing point estimation and ultrasonic pattern detection to localise the robot within each region. 14. @article{1149547, author = {Dominique Martinez and Oliver Rochel and Etienne Hugues}, title = {A biomimetic robot for tracking specific odors in turbulent plumes}, journal = {Auton. Robots}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, issn = {0929-5593}, pages = {185--195}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-006-7157-1}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
Two basic tasks must be performed by an olfactory robot tracking a specific odor source: navigate in a turbulent odor plume and recognize an odor regardless of its concentration. For these two tasks, we propose simple biologically inspired strategies, well suited for building dedicated circuits and for on-board implementation on real robots. The odor recognition system is based on a spiking neural network using a synchronization coding scheme. The robot navigation system is based on the use of bilateral comparison between two spatially separated gas sensors arrays at either side of the robot. We propose binary or analog navigation laws depending on the nature of the available sensory information extracted from the plume structure (isolated odor patches or smoother concentration field).15. @article{607642, author = {P. J. G. Lisboa}, title = {A review of evidence of health benefit from artificial neural networks in medical intervention}, journal = {Neural Netw.}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, issn = {0893-6080}, pages = {11--39}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0893-6080(01)00111-3}, publisher = {Elsevier Science Ltd.}, address = {Oxford, UK, UK}, }
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this review is to assess the evidence of healthcare benefits involving the application of artificial neural networks to the clinical functions of diagnosis, prognosis and survival analysis, in the medical domains of oncology, critical care and cardiovascular medicine. The primary source of publications is PUBMED listings under Randomised Controlled Trials and Clinical Trials. The rôle of neural networks is introduced within the context of advances in medical decision support arising from parallel developments in statistics and artificial intelligence. This is followed by a survey of published Randomised Controlled Trials and Clinical Trials, leading to recommendations for good practice in the design and evaluation of neural networks for use in medical intervention. 16. @article{1113822, author = {Dominique Martinez}, title = {Detailed and abstract phase-locked attractor network models of early olfactory systems}, journal = {Biol. Cybern.}, volume = {93}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, issn = {0340-1200}, pages = {355--365}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00422-005-0010-3}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.}, address = {Secaucus, NJ, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
Across species, primary olfactory centers show similarities both in their cellular organization and their types of olfactory information coding. In this article, we consider an excitatory-inhibitory spiking neural network as a model of early olfactory systems (antennal lobe for insects, olfactory bulb for vertebrates). In line with experimental results, we show that, in our network, odor-like stimuli evoke synchronization of excitatory cells, phase-locked to the oscillations of the local field potential. As revealed by a mathematical analysis, the phase-locking probability of excitatory cells is given by an inverted-U function and the firing probability of inhibitory cells is well described by a sigmoid function. These neural response functions are used to reduce the spiking model to a more abstract model with discrete-time dynamics (oscillatory cycles) and binary-state neurons (phase-locked or not). An iterative map, built for explaining the dynamics of the binary model, reveals that it converges to fixed point attractors similar to those obtained with the spiking model. This result is consistent with odor-specific attractors found in recent experimental studies. It also provides insights for designing bio-inspired olfactory associative memories applicable for data analysis in electronic noses. 17. @article{1132836, author = {Alec Holt and Isabelle Bichindaritz and Rainer Schmidt and Petra Perner}, title = {Medical applications in case-based reasoning}, journal = {Knowl. Eng. Rev.}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, issn = {0269-8889}, pages = {289--292}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269888906000622}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
This commentary summarizes case-based reasoning research applied in the medical domain. In this commentary the term ‘medical’ is used in an all-encompassing manner. It comprises all aspects of health, for example, from diagnosis to nutrition planning. This article provides references to researchers in the field, systems, workshops, and landmark publications. 18. @article{956035, author = {Shusaku Tsumoto}, title = {Temporal knowledge discovery in diabetus mellitus and collagen diseases}, journal = {SIGBIO Newsl.}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, issn = {0163-5697}, pages = {3--3}, doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/956034.956035}, publisher = {ACM Press}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
One of the important problems of knowledge discovery in medicine is that clinical databases include the large amounts of temporal information. This project aims at extracting temporal knowledge from clinical databases on diabetus mellitus and collagen diseases by using rule induction methods and hidden Markov models. Experimental results show that knowledge which medical experts implicity use for medical expert reasoning are extracted from clinical databases. There are plans for the analysis to be extended to other analysis methods and databases. 19. @article{1031813, author = {Luigi Portinale and Diego Magro and Pietro Torasso}, title = {Multi-modal diagnosis combining case-based and model-based reasoning: a formal and experimental analysis}, journal = {Artif. Intell.}, volume = {158}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, issn = {0004-3702}, pages = {109--153}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2004.05.005}, publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.}, address = {Essex, UK}, }
ABSTRACT
Integrating different reasoning modes in the construction of an intelligent system is one of the most interesting and challenging aspects of modern AI. Exploiting the complementarity and the synergy of different approaches is one of the main motivations that led several researchers to investigate the possibilities of building multi-modal reasoning systems, where different reasoning modalities and different knowledge representation formalisms are integrated and combined. Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is often considered a fundamental modality in several multi-modal reasoning systems; CBR integration has been shown very useful and practical in several domains and tasks. The right way of devising a CBR integration is however very complex and a principled way of combining different modalities is needed to gain the maximum effectiveness and efficiency for a particular task. In this paper we present results (both theoretical and experimental) concerning architectures integrating CBR and Model-Based Reasoning (MBR) in the context of diagnostic problem solving. We first show that both the MBR and CBR approaches to diagnosis may suffer from computational intractability, and therefore a careful combination of the two approaches may be useful to reduce the computational cost in the average case. The most important contribution of the paper is the analysis of the different facets that may influence the entire performance of a multi-modal reasoning system, namely computational complexity, system competence in problem solving and the quality of the sets of produced solutions. We show that an opportunistic and flexible architecture able to estimate the right cooperation among modalities can exhibit a satisfactory behavior with respect to every performance aspect. An analysis of different ways of integrating CBR is performed both at the experimental and at the analytical level. On the analytical side, a cost model and a competence model able to analyze a multi-modal architecture through the analysis of its individual components are introduced and discussed. On the experimental side, a very detailed set of experiments has been carried out, showing that a flexible and opportunistic integration can provide significant advantages in the use of a multi-modal architecture.20. @inproceedings{98846, author = {V. Masson and R. Quiniou}, title = {Application of artificial intelligence to aphasia treatment}, booktitle = {IEA/AIE '90: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Industrial and engineering applications of artificial intelligence and expert systems}, year = {1990}, isbn = {0-89791-372-8}, pages = {907--913}, location = {Charleston, South Carolina, United States}, doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/98894.98846}, publisher = {ACM Press}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, }
ABSTRACT
In this paper we describe SARAH a system devoted to the rehabilitation of aphasic patients. The system has many features of an intelligent tutoring system. Its origininality lies in the patient modelling method used to closely represent the patients' impairments. The patient model provide a means to adapt the rehabilitation sessions to a particular patient. The tests used to diagnose the patient's impairments and then to train him in order to make him avoid his troubles are generated and not retrieved from some knowledge base. This insures the flexibility such a system needs. Finally an expert system is used to schedule the tests during a session.

2. RESUMEN

Uno de los problemas importantes del descubrimiento de conocimiento en la medicina es que bases de datos clínicas incluyen las cantidades grandes de información temporal. Uno de los objetivos es evaluar pruebas de ventajas de atención de salud que implican el uso de redes neuronales artificiales a las funciones clínicas de diagnóstico, pronóstico y el análisis de supervivencia, en los dominios médicos de oncología, cuidado crítico y la medicina cardiovascular. El papel de redes neuronales es presentado dentro del contexto de avances en el apoyo de decisión médico que proviene de acontecimientos paralelos en la estadística y la inteligencia artificial.

La inteligencia artificial ha demostrado que tiene grandes aplicaciones en la medicina, en éste sus descubrimientos han sido de gran ayuda para el desarrollo de soluciones a enfermedades, diagnosticos y demás.

Además ha evolucionado tanto que se han encontrado la forma de que sus aplicaciones se vean reflejadas en la robótica, dejando a los robots las simulaciones en las operaciones, para evitar mayor porcentaje de riesgos y dejar esas tareas repetitivas a los robots.

Por esto me parece que el tema de la inteligencia artificial en medicina es muy importante y cada vez se encuentran mas aplicaciones favorables a la humanidad.

3. Lista de 20 referencias, (las más relevantes al tema de interés).
1. @inproceedings{41544, author = {C. A. Kulikowski}, title = {Artificial intelligence in medicine: a personal retrospective on its emergence and early function}, booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM conference on History of medical informatics}, year = {1987}, isbn = {0-89791-248-9}, pages = {199}, location = {Bethesda, Maryland, United States}, doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/41526.41544}, publisher = {ACM Press}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, }2. @article{590368, author = {Luca Chittaro and Angelo Montanari}, title = {Temporal representation and reasoning in artificial intelligence: Issues and approaches}, journal = {Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence}, volume = {28}, number = {1-4}, year = {2000}, issn = {1012-2443}, pages = {47--106}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }3. @article{1046364, author = {Elena Alessandri and Alessandro Gasparetto and Rafael Valencia Garcia and Rodrigo Martinez B\&\#237;jar}, title = {An application of artificial intelligence to medical robotics}, journal = {J. Intell. Robotics Syst.}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, issn = {0921-0296}, pages = {225--243}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-005-3509-x}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }4. @article{1052556, author = {Subramani Mani and Marco Valtorta and Suzanne McDermott}, title = {Building Bayesian Network Models in Medicine: The MENTOR Experience}, journal = {Applied Intelligence}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, issn = {0924-669X}, pages = {93--108}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10489-005-5599-3}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }5. @inproceedings{1166514, author = {Kathiravelu Ganeshan}, title = {Networked intelligent mobile robot assistants: patient monitoring and telemedicine}, booktitle = {BioMed'06: Proceedings of the 24th IASTED international conference on Biomedical engineering}, year = {2006}, isbn = {0-88986-578-7}, pages = {45--50}, location = {Innsbruck, Austria}, publisher = {ACTA Press}, address = {Anaheim, CA, USA}, }6. @inproceedings{1166971, author = {Julie Behan and Derek T. O'Keeffe}, title = {The development of an intelligent library assistant robot}, booktitle = {AIA'06: Proceedings of the 24th IASTED international conference on Artificial intelligence and applications}, year = {2006}, isbn = {0-88986-556-6}, pages = {474--479}, location = {Innsbruck, Austria}, publisher = {ACTA Press}, address = {Anaheim, CA, USA}, }7. @article{1149551, author = {Pawel Pyk and Sergi Berm\&\#250;dez I Badia and Ulysses Bernardet and Philipp Kn\&\#252;sel and Mikael Carlsson and Jing Gu and Eric Chanie and Bill S. Hansson and Tim C. Pearce and Paul F. J. Verschure}, title = {An artificial moth: Chemical source localization using a robot based neuronal model of moth optomotor anemotactic search}, journal = {Auton. Robots}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, issn = {0929-5593}, pages = {197--213}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-006-7101-4}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }8. @article{1149547, author = {Dominique Martinez and Oliver Rochel and Etienne Hugues}, title = {A biomimetic robot for tracking specific odors in turbulent plumes}, journal = {Auton. Robots}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, issn = {0929-5593}, pages = {185--195}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-006-7157-1}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Hingham, MA, USA}, }9. @inproceedings{41544, author = {C. A. 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4. Preguntas que permiten avanzar hacia el tema enfocado.

¿Qué aplicaciones tiene la inteligencia artificial que se este desarrollando en nuestros tiempos?
¿Por qué la inteligencia artificial tiene tanta importancia en el campo de la medicina?
¿Qué aplicaciones tiene la inteligencia artificial en medicina?
¿Cuáles son los descubrimientos más importantes en medicina con respecto a la inteligencia artificial?
¿Qué se espera de la inteligencia artificial en medicina en el futuro?